SciDev.Net

This feature article, published in the Environmental Science and Technology journal, uses the Cordillera Azul national park in Peru as an example to introduce mechanisms for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) that are under global discussion. 

The author discusses both the potential importance of and challenges associated with REDD projects. For example, although Cordillera Azul has been established as a national park by the Peruvian Government, funds for conserving it are still needed.

The article outlines some important milestones in progressing to an international framework for REDD, but notes that important details are yet to be resolved, such as how to ensure that beneficiaries of REDD funds deploy them effectively to protect forests.

The article suggests that active forest management is important and concludes with a brief introduction to the principle of proactive investment in natural capital (PINC) — the idea, promoted by the Global Canopy Programme, that forests should be regarded not only as a source of emissions, but rather as a public utility providing global ecosystem services that should be paid for.

This fact sheet from the WHO outlines the basics about swine influenza, or "swine flu", including what it is, what its implications are for human health and how people become infected.

To protect yourself from swine flu, the WHO recommends avoiding contact with sick pigs or people, washing your hands regularly, practicing good health habits and following advice from local health authorities.

Cardiovascular disease accounts for 30% of deaths worldwide and 10% of all years of healthy life lost to disease, and the figures are nearly as high in developing countries — 27 per cent and 9 per cent respectively. This compares with 10% of lives lost worldwide from HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria put together (12% in developing countries). So why have donors not invested as heavily into tackling non-communicable chronic diseases as they have with infectious ones? The authors of this article suggest several reasons: infectious diseases are in some ways easier to solve by a vaccine or drugs so it might seem sensible to use precious funding this way; Western donors may want to see epidemics contained quickly to avoid global spread; pictures of small African children dying of AIDS are more heartrending than a middle-aged man with hypertension, even if that man is supporting a large family; there is a myth that chronic diseases are more costly to prevent than infectious ones. This last issue is one that should be tackled strongly to spread awareness that low-cost methods can have an enormous effect on chronic diseases.

Vaccination for infectious diseases is a vital method of prophylaxis, and has transformed modern medicine. By contrast, research into vaccines against chronic diseases has been less successful, in part because of the increased complexity involved.

In this opinion piece, the authors outline the prospects for the development of chronic disease vaccines. These might not need to rely on the traditional method of inducing the body to produce antibodies, but rather on introducing monoclonal antibodies against specific proteins — this has so far worked well against Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.

The authors outline key hurdles in developing a successful therapeutic vaccine. Safety and efficacy are two obvious ones, but there is a third that is unique to vaccines for chronic diseases. Because these vaccines would block bodily chemicals — such as cytokines or hormones — it would not be acceptable for a vaccine to induce a life-long block (unlike a malaria vaccine, for example, where a lifelong block would be ideal).

These might be particularly useful in developing countries, say the authors. Because prophylaxis with vaccines is already a familiar concept, there should be no problem with patients' compliance, and judicious partnerships between public and private organisations could mean the vaccines are produced cheaply.

This paper provides an interesting historic perspective on the reasons for Brazil's position in international climate negotiations that is rarely found in this format. Written for the Danish Institute for International Studies, the author provides an in depth assessment of Brazil's foreign policy as it relates to climate change, starting as early as 1988. This document is useful reading for anyone interested in the early years of climate change negotiations and the positions of developing countries.

This paper examines the main approaches to developing an equitable international climate change regime. The first section introduces the main Brazilian stakeholders and the activities related to the Climate Convention, and reviews the national debate on climate change, environment and development. Section II discusses the connections between Brazil's climate change mitigation and sustainable development strategies, illustrating some programmes leading to greenhouse gas emissions mitigation. Section III identifies important barriers to integrating climate change into national sustainable development strategies. The core part considers approaches to harnessing synergies between climate change and sustainable development policies, and illustrates the key issues in building an equitable burden-sharing climate regime. As part of this, it considers the Brazilian Proposal made at COP-3.

The paper's key conclusions include that Brazil's main source of emissions is deforestation to create more farmland, that renewable energy production and improved energy efficiency have significantly contributed to avoiding emissions, and that the Brazilian Proposal may be a useful starting point for developing international mitigation policy.

Through much of the past climate change negotiations, there has been little interaction between the Brazilian government and non-governmental organisations. In 2002 however, Brazilian NGOs formed a network because they were not satisfied with how the government dealt with important climate concerns, especially the link between deforestation and global warming.

The network, called the Climate Observatory, aims to become a vehicle for influencing government views and policies on climate change. A first priority was to direct more attention to deforestation, an important yet controversial issue, both in Brazil and the international arena. In 2002, the network had 26 members from all over Brazil, and the effects of the network have included a broader participation of NGOs in the climate change debate in Brazil.

This is the most authoritative and comprehensive assessment to date of climate change impacts and vulnerabilities in the Latin American region. Key impacts are set in the context of ecosystems, every sector of the economy, and particularly the forestry sector.

Following a review of the regional climate, the chapter considers five key concerns: natural ecosystems, agriculture and plantation forestry, sea level rise, water resources, and human health. Climate change is an additional stress on biodiversity in the region's forested, mountainous, and mangrove ecosystems. Agriculture and plantation forestry are projected to suffer as crop models project decreased yields in several crops (e.g. maize, wheat, barley, grapes), even when the direct effect of carbon dioxide (CO2), fertilisation and moderate adaptation measures are considered. Human health concerns stem from heat and cold waves and changes in the distribution of vector borne diseases, such as malaria and dengue.

An executive summary provides a quick reference.

This report analyses Brazil's options for meeting electricity demand through to 2015. The report provides a demand forecast and detailed assessment of available power supplies. The authors suggest that Brazil's energy policy may secure its exceptional role as an environmental leader among developing countries.

Because Brazil generates over 90 per cent of its electricity from hydrodams, its per capita carbon emissions are less than half the world average. Many of its new power plants, however, will probably use natural gas. Government and industry decision-makers are greatly concerned about meeting Brazil's future demand at least-cost — including to the environment. Current reforms in the power sector, designed mainly to cut costs, have catalysed privatisation, eliminate tariff equalisation across regions, and supply contracts between power generation and distribution utilities.

Three policy cases — advanced technologies, local environmental controls, and carbon elimination — illustrate that without alternative policies, Brazil will move towards natural gas fired power plants, causing greenhouse gas emissions to rise rapidly.

Brazil's Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC was published by the Ministry of Science and Technology. The document has three parts. The first section introduces institutional arrangements that support and deal with climate change in Brazil, and outlines the national and regional development priorities that underlie decision-making.

The second section provides a national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions from Brazil's economic sectors from 1990 to 1994. It also details the uncertainties in the estimates, particularly relating to land use, land use change and forestry.

The final section explains the measures underway to implement the UNFCCC: sustainable development, research and systematic observation, education/training/public awareness, and measures addressing climatic effects. There are sections describing national and regional capacity, and how climate change will be integrated into medium- and long-term planning.

This long policy-driven document provides a thorough insight into how Brazil is approaching climate change. Note: The file is very large.

This book by Jorge Katz published by ECLAC analyses structural reforms in Latin America and the Caribbean since the 1990s which have transformed regional economies from closed and state-led to more market-oriented and open. The impact of these changes on the growth patterns, technological change and process of innovation in these countries is examined. The book concludes that the development process in the region is uneven across industries, regions and firms.

In 2003, the UK Government commissioned the UK Royal Society, and the UK Royal Academy of Engineering, to conduct an enquiry into the potential risks and benefits of nanotechnology. For this, they collected evidence from various parties, including the science and technology officer of the British Consulate in Brazil, Alexandra Ozorio de Almeida.

In her questionnaire answers, Ozorio de Almeida described the Brazilian research institutes and developments in nanotechnology. She estimated that the development of nanotechnology will receive some 77.7 million reais (US$30 million) from the government between 2004 and 2007.

Ozorio de Almeida gave details of federally funded nanotechnology research networks, funding agency efforts, the location of research teams, and regulatory frameworks. At the time of the evidence, there were no regulations on research and development in nanotechnology, but a bill was underway. In addition, public interest and knowledge about the field was not very strong or accurate, wrote Ozorio de Almeida.

One of a series of WHO case studies Perspectives and Practice in Antiretroviral Treatment, this report features the HIV Equity Initiative established in Haiti in collaboration with Harvard University's Partners for Health.

The paper highlights how existing healthcare infrastructure (a TB control programme) can be adapted to HIV/AIDS treatment, with the lessons learned now being applied in other countries, including Peru, Russia, and the United States.